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ITS » PhD Theses » Program Doktoral Teknik Kimia
Posted by dee@its.ac.id at 13/06/2011 15:12:37  •  794 Views

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL MATEMATIK PROSES PENGERINGAN PUPUK ZA DALAM ROTARY DRYER UNTUK POLA ALIR NON IDEAL DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL TIDAK SERAGAM

MATHEMATICS MODEL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF DRYING FERTILIZER ZA IN ROTARY DRYER FOR NON-IDEAL FLOW PATTERN AND UNUNIFORM PARTICLE SIZE

Created by :
MARGONO ( 2306301003 )



SubjectModel matematika
Alt. Subject Fertilazers-drying-mathematical models
KeywordRotary dryer
Ammonium sulfat
Proses pengeringan
Distribusi ukuran partikel
Rosin-Rammler
Gamma function
Koefisien varian

[ Description ]

Disertasi ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model matematik rotary dryer untuk mengeringkan pupuk ammonium sulfat dengan anggapan aliran padat plug flow (model PF) dan plug flow back-mixing (PFBM) untuk ukuran partikel seragam dan tidak seragam. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan beberapa tahap yaitu: pengembangan model matematik proses pengeringan partikel padat, penentuan karakteristik pengeringan pupuk amonium sulfat, penentuan laju pengeringan pupuk ZA dalam rotary dryer, dan pengembangan model matematik proses pengeringan pupuk ZA dalam rotary dryer. Pertama dikembangkan model matematik proses pengeringan partikel padat, menggunakan teori difusi isotermal, dengan berbagai bentuk yaitu bentuk bola dan silinder dengan H/D = ¼ dan 4. Model matematik ini diselesaikan secara analitik, dengan metode pemisahan variabel, dan secara pendekatan polinomial. Model matematik ini digunakan untuk mengkaji pengaruh bentuk partikel terhadap laju pengeringan. Bentuk partikel telah digambarkan dengan menggunakan sphericity Wadell, φS . Penelitian ini mengusulkan suatu faktor bentuk baru yaitu yang berbasis difusi, Ψ yang didefinisikan sebagai rasio antara jari-jari partikel equivalen dan panjang difusi rata-rata. Panjang difusi rata-rata adalah jarak antara pusat partikel dan permukaan luarnya. Penyelesaian model matematik ini dinyatakan sebagai hubungan tak berdimensi antara kandungan air rata-rata terhadap waktu pengeringan dan laju pengeringan terhadap kandungan air rata-rata. Hasil penyelesaian dengan metode pendekatan mendekati penyelesaian analitik untuk bilangan Biot antara 0,1 sampai 5. Ternyata seperti yang diharapkan partikel dengan sphericity Wadell terendah, φS = 0.694 atau sphericity berbasis difusi tertinggi Ψ = 2.8845, (partikel silinder dengan H/D = 0.25), menunjukkan laju pengeringan yang tertinggi. Laju pengeringan tak-berdimensi partikel ini mendekati 400% lebih cepat dari pada partikel bola. Perlu dicatat bahwa permukaan spesifik partikel ini adalah 144% lebih besar dari pada partikel bola dan panjang difusi moisture adalah 290% lebih pendek. Jadi, untuk menentukan laju pengeringan partikel padat, faktor bentuk berbasis difusi lebih sesuai untuk menyatakan bentuk partikel dari pada faktor bentuk Wadell. Kajian karakteristik pengeringan pupuk ammonium sulfat secara eksperimen dilakukan pada suatu tray dryer untuk mencari data karakteristik laju pengeringan ammonium sulfat. Data ini digunakan untuk menentukan koefisien diffusi efektif moisture didalam partikel pupuk ammonium sulfat pada berbagai suhu dengan cara fitting model difusi isotermal dan diperoleh Deff = 9.7 x 10-18 T2.702()−−=00MtMMeβ. Pada pengembangan model difusi isotermal ini digunakan kondisi batas Newman yang dimodifikasi dengan faktor partisi untuk memperhitungkan tahanan permukaan. Dengan anggapan koefisien difusi efektif moisture didalam partikel ammonium sulfat pada rotary dryer sama dengan yang diperoleh pada try dryer, dan dengan anggapan partikel bentuk bola maka diprediksi laju pengeringan partikel ZA dalam rotary dryer, menggunakan model difusi isotermal, untuk berbagai kondisi udara pengering dan diperoleh korelasi berikut: XDpTHvxRW27485.187650.401773.075719.0121067184.1−−−= Berikutnya, disertasi ini mengembangkan model matematik proses pengeringan ammonium sulfat didalam rotary dryer dengan menggunakan karakteristik laju pengeringan yang telah diperoleh sebelumnya. Pada pengembangan model matematik ini diasumsikan kondisi steady state, aliran gas plugflow, sedang aliran partikel padat plug iv flow (model PF) dan plug flow back-mixing (PFBM). Pada pemodelan ini, koefisien transfer panas overall, hold up padatan didalam rotary dryer, dan bilangan dispersi axial diperoleh dari korelasi-korelaasi empiris di literature. Model matematik yang dikembangkan ini menghasilkan sistim persamaan-persamaan diferencial dengan variable dependen kandungan moisture dalam padatan, humidity udara, suhu udara, dan suhu padatan. Model matematik ini diselesaikan secara numerik dengan menggunakan metode Beda hingga yang menghasilkan sistim persamaan aljabar non linear yang diselesaikan dengan metoda Newton Raphson menggunakan fasilitas Matlab 6.1. Hasil penyelesaian model matematik ini berupa distribusi axial moisture content padatan, kelembaban udara, suhu udara dan suhu padatan didalam rotary dryer. Hasil prediksi teoritis ini divalidasi dengan data operasi rotary dryer di PT. Petrokimia Gresik dengan spesifikasi: diameter = 2,418 m, panjang = 12,2 m, kecepatan putar 3,5 rpm, dan slope 4,50. Ternyata model PFBM memberikan prediksi dengan penyimpangan yang lebih kecil terhadap data pengamatan di lapangan dibandingkan model PF. Besarnya penyimpangan hasil prediksi kandungan air dalam solid keluar dryer menggunakan model PFBM terhadap data pilot lebih kecil dari 5%. Pengaruh berbagai variabel proses yaitu laju alir udara, temperatur udara masuk dan laju alir padatan umpan terhadap kinerja rotary dryer telah analisa menggunakan model yang telah dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini. Disertasi ini juga mengembangkan model matematik rotary dryer untuk mengeringkan pupuk ammonium sulfat dengan ukuran partikel yang tidak seragam dengan mengkombinasikan model proses pengeringan partikel padat dalam rotary dryer dengan model distribusi ukuran partikel. Model distribusi ukuran partikel yang digunakan adalah model Rosin-Rammler dan model distribusi Gamma. Untuk penyederhanaan, model proses pengeringan partikel padat dalam rotary dryer dikembangkan dengan anggapan kondisi udara (suhu dan kelembaban) yang seragam sepanjang rotary dryer seperti pada kondisi masuk. Persamaan diferensial yang dihasilkan diselesaikan secara analitik. Telah dikaji pengaruh distribusi ukuran partikel terhadap kinerja rotary dryer, yang dinyatakan dengan profil kandungan air dalam solid disepamjang dryer. Dengan menggunakan model distribusi fungsi Gamma diperoleh bahwa untuk koefisien variansi, CV, lebih kecil dari 0.5 distribusi ukuran partikel tidak banyak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dryer. Untuk CV lebih besar dari 0.5, kenaikan CV meningkatkan kinerja dryer atau menurunkan kadar air dalam padatan yang keluar dari dryer. Model Rosin Rammler memberikan prediksi kandungan air dalam padatan keluar dryer yang lebih kecil dari pada penggunaan model distribusi fungsi Gamma.


Alt. Description

The aims of this dissertation is to develop a mathematical model of rotary dryer to dry the ammonium sulfate fertilizer by assuming plug flow pattern (PF) and plug flow with back-mixing pattern (PFBM) for uniform and non-uniform particle size. This work was carried out in three steps: mathematical model development of solid particle drying with special attention in particle shape effect, determination of drying rate characteristic of ammoinium sulphate (ZA) fertilizer, and mathematical model development of ZA fertilizer drying process in rotary dryer. First, this dissertation developed a mathematical model, using isothermal diffusion theory, of drying process of solid particles with various shapes : sphere and cylinder with H / D = ¼ and 4. The mathematical model was solved analytically, using variable separation method, and with polynomial approximation method. The mathematical model was used to examine the influence of particle shape on the rate of drying. Particle shape was described using Wadell sphericity φS. This work proposed a new, diffusion based, shape factor Ψ which is defined as the ratio between the equivalent particle radius and the average diffusion path length. The latter was the distance between the particle center and its outer surface. The solution for the unsteady-state model are presented as dimensionless plots of the average moisture content versus drying time and rate of drying versus average moisture. The approximate solution agreed very well with the analytical solution for Biot number of 0.1 to 5. As expected, particles with either the lowest Wadell sphericity, φS = 0.694 or the highest diffussion-based sphericity, Ψ = 2.8845, (cylindrical particle with H/D = 0.25), exhibited the highest drying rate. The dimensionless drying rate of this particle was approximately 400% faster than that of the spherical particle. Note that the specific surface of this particle was 144% greater than that of the spherical particle and the moisture diffusion length was 290% shorter. Thus, it appears that in comparison with the particle specific surface, the moisture diffusion length has a greater effect on the drying rate. The experimental study was carried out using tray dryer to obtain drying rate characteristic data for ammonium sulphate. These data was used to determine effective diffusivity of moisture in ammonium sulphate fertilizer particle at various temperatures by fitting of isothermal diffusion model and the following correlation was obtained: Deff = 9.7 x 10-18 T2.702()−−=00MtMMeβ. The isothermal diifusion model used Newman boundary condition modified with partition factor to account for the surface resistance. By assuming effective diffusivity of moisture in ammonium sulphate particle at rotary dryer is the same as that obtained in try dryer, and by assuming spherical particle shape, then the ZA particle drying rate in rotary dryer was predicted, using isothermal diffusion model, at various condition of drying air and the following correlation was obtained: XDpTHvxRW27485.187650.401773.075719.0121067184.1−−−= Then, this dissertation developed a mathematical model of drying process of ammonium sulfate in a rotary dryer by using the drying rate characteristics that have been studied previously. In the development of this mathematical model, it is assumed a steady state condition, plug flow and plug flow with back-mixing pattern of gas and solid flow in the rotary dryer (PF model and PFBM model). In this model, overall heat transfer coefficients, solid hold up in a rotary dryer, and axial dispersion numbers were obtained vi from the empirical correlations in the literature. The mathematical model developed produce system of diferencial equations with the dependent variable the moisture content in solid, air humidity, air temperature and the temperature of solid. The mathematical models were solved numerically using finite difference method to produce non-linear algebraic equation system solved by Newton Raphson method using Matlab 6.1. The results of the theoretical prediction were validated with a rotary dryer operating data of PT. Petrokimia Gresik with specifications: diameter = 2.418 meters, length = 2.12 m, speed 3.5 rpm, and the slope of 4.5 degree. Apparently PFBM model gives predictions with a smaller deviation with pilot data compared to PF model. The deviation of the moisture content prediction in the oulet solid using PFBM model compared to the pilot data is less than 5%. The developed mathematical model was used to study theoretically the influence of some process variables, such as the flow rate of solid particles, air flow rate and drying air temperature on the performance of rotary dryer. Finally, this work developed a mathematical model of rotary dryer to dry the fertilizer ammonium sulfate particles with non-uniform particle size by combining the drying processes model with particle size distribution model. Particle size distribution models used are Rosin-Rammler model and Gamma distribution model. For simplicity, the model of drying processes of solid particles in the rotary dryer was developed by assuming of uniform air conditions (temperature and humidity) along the rotary dryer as in the entry conditions. The resulting differential equations were solved analytically.This work has studied the effect of particle size distribution on ratary dryer performance, expressed as the profile of moisture content in solid along the dryer. Using Gamma function distribution, the study showed that for the value of the coefficient of varience less than 0.5, particle size distribution does not have significant effect on dryer performance. For the value of CV greater than 0.5, the dryer performance increase (or outlet solid moisture content decrease) with increasing the value of CV. The application of Rosin-Rammler model gives lower prediction of outlet solid moisture content compared to the application of Gamma function model.

Contributor:
  1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Ali Altway, MS
  2. Dr. Ir. Kuswandi, DEA
Date Create:01/08/2010
Type:Text
Format:pdf
Language:Indonesian
Identifier:ITS-PhD-3100011042409
Collection ID:3100011042409
Call Number:RDK 660.284 26 Mar p


Source :
PhD Thesis of Chemistry Engineering, RDK 660.284 26 Mar p, 2010

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